[{"command":"add_css","data":[{"rel":"stylesheet","media":"all","href":"\/sites\/default\/files\/css\/css_8q6isIEAzHHnL7PSOWT6hRZ4eXvt98DRdjZDS2SSZzg.css?delta=0\u0026language=en\u0026theme=ect_theme\u0026include=eJxLNkqJL8lIzU3VT8tMzUnRSc5JLC6u1M_LT0kFAIwhCi8"}]},{"command":"insert","method":"html","selector":"#ajax-container","data":"\n\n\n\n\u003Carticle class=\u0022node node--type-volunteer-training-man-chapter node--promoted node--view-mode-ajax\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022node__content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022extra-header-block\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ca class=\u0022mini-pdf-icon\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/epidemics.ifrc.org\/pdf\/187\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cimg\n src=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/ect_theme\/images\/svg\/pdf.svg\u0022\n alt=\u0022pdf-download-icon\u0022\n width=\u002224\u0022\n height=\u002224\u0022\n \u003E\n \u003C\/a\u003E\n \u003Ch1\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden\u0022\u003EGroup 1. Faecal-oral infections\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003C\/h1\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \n\n\n\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-description field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022responsive-table\u0022\u003E\n\u003Ctable\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022fecal-oral infections icon\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022673f034d-2350-4be4-87e2-102bafa88105\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/inline-images\/IFRC_Faecal-oral%20infections%20illustration_3.png\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDisease tools:\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EAcute diarrhoeal disease\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ECholera\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EHepatitis A\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EHepatitis E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ETyphoid fever\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EAcute bloody diarrhoea\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ol\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\n\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis disease group includes acute diarrhoeal diseases (including cholera) and other diseases that do not cause diarrhoea but have the same principal mode of transmission (hepatitis A and E and typhoid fever).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022responsive-table\u0022\u003E\n\u003Ctable\u003E\n\u003Cthead\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Cth\u003EDiarrhoea\u003C\/th\u003E\n\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/thead\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003Eis when a child (or an adult) passes three or more liquid stools in a day.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt can cause a child to lose so much body water and minerals that he or she dries out (dehydrates).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn some cases, diarrhoea can cause death if it is not treated.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\n\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany children get diarrhoea. On many occasions, it can be cured simply. But sometimes it can spread and cause an epidemic. There are different kinds of diarrhoeal disease. Some take the form of watery stools; in others, blood comes out with the stools. A diarrhoeal disease called cholera is particularly severe.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow are these diseases transmitted?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\nFaecal-oral transmission occurs when microorganisms from an infected stool of one person enter the mouth of another. This may occur if faeces contaminate food or the water supply or when germs are transferred from hand to mouth because the hands have touched contaminated items and have not been well washed afterwards.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFigure\u0026nbsp;14.\u0026nbsp;Faecal oral transmission\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022fecal oral transmission\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00220a1397ba-ceb3-4b47-aada-35ebef6b1618\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/inline-images\/IFRC_Fecal%20oral%20transmission%20illustration_EN.png\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat symptoms do they cause?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\nChildren are particularly subject to severe forms of diarrhoeal disease. When children get diarrhoea, they start to have frequent loose stools. This causes their bodies to lose water and minerals. Other symptoms of diarrhoea include stomach pains, fever, cramps, nausea and vomiting. When a child loses a lot of water, he or she can become dehydrated.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn areas where it is common, many children get hepatitis A. Most will have no symptoms. In some children, the symptoms of liver disease occur: the skin and whites of the eyes become yellow and the child has fever, tiredness, abdominal pain and diarrhoea. This disease can be prevented by a vaccine. In areas where hepatitis A is rare, adults mainly get the infection and it will be more severe.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHepatitis E causes the same symptoms as hepatitis A, but it is very dangerous for pregnant women.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPersons with typhoid fever usually have a sustained high fever. They may also feel weak, have stomach pains, a headache, or loss of appetite. A vaccine protects against typhoid fever.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETwo kinds of diarrhoea are particularly severe:\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDysentery. \u003C\/strong\u003EBlood comes out with the stools.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECholera. \u003C\/strong\u003EThis disease causes more severe symptoms and very watery stools that look like \u201crice water\u201d.\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow do we prevent epidemics?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\nEpidemics of faecal-oral infections can be prevented by some simple actions:\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHygiene.\u003C\/strong\u003E Wash hands with soap at critical times, especially after going to the toilet, after cleaning children\u2019s bottoms, and before preparing food and eating.\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDrink only clean and safe water.\u003C\/strong\u003E Where safe drinking water (including bottled water) is unavailable, boil or filter water or treat it with chlorine, and store it in clean containers.\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEat safe food. \u003C\/strong\u003EWash vegetables and fruits with safe water, thoroughly cook meat and other animal products, store food in clean conditions and reheat food before eating it.\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBuild appropriate sanitation facilities (latrines) in the community.\u003C\/strong\u003E This will help reduce the likelihood that stools will contaminate water or food. Special care should be taken with children\u2019s stools, which should be properly disposed of in the latrine or buried.\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBreastfeed babies during the first six months of life.\u003C\/strong\u003E Exclusive breastfeeding will protect infants and prevent severe forms of diarrhoea. Breastfeeding should not be interrupted when a child is sick because it is not the cause of the diarrhoea and has a continuous beneficial effect on survival.\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ul\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow to deal with cases of these diseases?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\nWhen dealing with diarrhoea cases, the key point is to replace the water and minerals the sick person is losing. It is vital to correct dehydration. This is done by detecting diarrhoea early and giving the person water, sugar and salts. These can take the form of an oral rehydration solution (ORS), made from a packet, or home-made fluids such as rice water or soup or breastfeeding. Zinc supplements reduce the duration of diarrhoeas. In cases of severe dehydration or shock it is necessary to give intravenous fluids to the affected person.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHepatitis A and E usually cause mild infections in children, but in adults, especially pregnant women, the condition is dangerous and may require hospitalization.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETyphoid fever is treated with antibiotics.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow to detect an epidemic?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\nWe suspect an epidemic of diarrhoea when many more people than usual, especially children, have diarrhoea and are dehydrated at one time, and cases are more severe than normal.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe suspect cholera when adults, as well as children, have severe diarrhoea and dehydration and some of them die as a result.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAn epidemic of hepatitis is suspected when many people have symptoms of liver disease (e.g., yellowing of the eyes).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAn epidemic of typhoid fever is suspected when more people than usual have high fever without symptoms of respiratory diseases.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEarly detection of an epidemic is more likely when there is disease surveillance. Early detection permits a prompt response which can save many lives.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022responsive-table\u0022\u003E\n\u003Ctable\u003E\n\u003Cthead\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Cth\u003EThe epidemic\u003C\/th\u003E\n\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/thead\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWho?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\n\t\t\tSevere forms of diarrhoeal diseases mainly affect children, especially those under five years of age who are malnourished. (Children are most likely to suffer sickness and death as a result of diarrhoea.)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESevere diarrhoeas, especially cholera, can affect anyone, including adults. Severe forms of hepatitis mainly affect adults.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhere?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\n\t\t\tEpidemics happen more often in places and communities that lack safe water or have poor sanitation facilities.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhen?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\n\t\t\tEpidemics are more likely at times when safe drinking water is less available or there is no safe drinking water and no clean water for washing\/bathing.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhy?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\n\t\t\tExposure of water (or food or other things) to stools as a result of poor sanitation causes disease. Germs enter the water from the stools and can cause diarrhoea in people who drink the water. When the community\u2019s water sources are contaminated, this can cause an epidemic.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\n\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow to deal with an epidemic?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\nIf an epidemic caused by faecal-oral infection occurs in your community, here are some things that should be done:\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EBuild trust with members of the community.\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EInvolve the community in efforts to control the epidemic.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EFamiliarize yourself with the community\u2019s culture.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EFind out the source and cause of the epidemic disease (unsafe water, inappropriate latrines, unsafe hygiene practices).\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ETreat water (by boiling or filtering it or treating it with chlorine) and store water safely.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EIdentify cases of the disease.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ECare for dehydrated children at home with ORS or home-made fluids (rice water, soup, breast milk) and zinc supplement.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ERefer very sick and dehydrated children to health facilities.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EPromote hygiene in local communities and among families.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EEstablish community oral rehydration points for early treatment and referral.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EApply safety procedures for handling and burying dead bodies.\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ul\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan style=\u0022color:#2980b9;\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELearn\u003C\/strong\u003E \u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan style=\u0022color:#2980b9;\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIt is very important to recognize dehydration in children when looking for cases of diarrhoeal disease. This skill will help you to decide who should be treated with an ORS at home and who should be referred to the health centre or hospital.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan style=\u0022color:#2980b9;\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe table below will help you recognize dehydration and its severity. \u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETable\u0026nbsp;4.\u0026nbsp;Stages of dehydration\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022responsive-table\u0022\u003E\n\u003Ctable\u003E\n\u003Cthead\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Cth\u003EDehydration stage\u003C\/th\u003E\n\u003Cth\u003ESigns\u003C\/th\u003E\n\u003Cth\u003ETreatment\u003C\/th\u003E\n\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/thead\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENo dehydration\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003ESkin goes back normally when pinched, thirst has subsided, urine has been passed, pulse is strong.\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003EORS at home; zinc supplement in children up to 15 years old.\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EModerate dehydration\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003ERestlessness and irritability, sunken eyes, dry mouth and tongue, increased thirst, skin goes back slowly when pinched, decreased urine, decreased tears, depressed fontanels (soft membrane on head) in infants.\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003EORS plus very close surveillance; zinc supplement in children up to 15 years old.\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESevere dehydration\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003ELethargy or unconsciousness, very dry mouth and tongue, skin goes back very slowly when pinched (\u201ctenting\u201d), weak or absent pulse, low blood pressure, little or no urine.\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003EIn a health facility or in a hospital: IV therapy plus antibiotics plus ORS; zinc supplement in children up to 15 years old.\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\n\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat can volunteers do?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\nVolunteers can play a critical role in communicating with and mobilizing communities. They can encourage people to change their behaviour and adopt safe personal and domestic hygiene practices. They can help teach caregivers about oral rehydration and the importance of breastfeeding. They can advise parents and families to take very sick children to health centres.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVolunteers can look for new cases of infection and inform staff at the health centre. They can take part in investigating the source and cause of the epidemic.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMost importantly, volunteers can:\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EHelp detect cases of disease in their local communities.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EHelp families to identify warning signs of dehydration, especially in children.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ERefer people with severe dehydration and fever, or people at high risk such as elderly or pregnant women.\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ETalk to members of affected communities to understand their concerns, fears and typical water, sanitation, hygiene and community care practices.\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EHelp to mobilize the community to take action to protect itself, and influence the community to change harmful forms of behaviour (using BCC).\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EShow mothers and caregivers how to prepare oral rehydration solution (ORS) for dehydrated children.\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ESet up and run oral rehydration points (ORPs) in affected communities. See IFRC ORP guideline\/ORP training manual.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EAlert the health authorities to new cases or outbreaks.\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EProvide psychosocial support to sick people and their families.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EIn a major epidemic, work with other Red Cross Red Crescent partners in cholera treatment centres or mobile hospitals.\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ul\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan style=\u0022color:#2980b9;\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EParticipate\u003C\/strong\u003E \u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan style=\u0022color:#2980b9;\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDiscuss within your group whether an epidemic might be caused by a faecal-oral infection. Look at the disease tools for faecal-oral infections and select the action and message tools for each. Discuss with your facilitator the similarities and differences between the tools for each disease in this category. Take note that the same method is used to prevent all the diseases in this category.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n \n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/article\u003E\n","settings":null}]