[{"command":"add_css","data":[{"rel":"stylesheet","media":"all","href":"\/sites\/default\/files\/css\/css_bRDSFcvqxUhXHfRNLkxGqvcee5AkMd_VfM00zOk2HLI.css?delta=0\u0026language=ru\u0026theme=ect_theme\u0026include=eJxLNkqJL8lIzU3VT8tMzUnRSc5JLC6u1M_LT0kFAIwhCi8"}]},{"command":"insert","method":"html","selector":"#ajax-container","data":"\n\n\n\n\u003Carticle lang=\u0022en\u0022 class=\u0022node node--type-volunteer-training-man-chapter node--promoted node--view-mode-ajax\u0022\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022node__content\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022extra-header-block\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Ca class=\u0022mini-pdf-icon\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/epidemics.ifrc.org\/ru\/pdf\/192\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cimg\n          src=\u0022\/themes\/custom\/ect_theme\/images\/svg\/pdf.svg\u0022\n          alt=\u0022pdf-download-icon\u0022\n          width=\u002224\u0022\n          height=\u002224\u0022\n        \u003E\n      \u003C\/a\u003E\n      \u003Ch1\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden\u0022\u003EGroup 6. Zoonotic diseases spread by animals\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003C\/h1\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \n\n\n\n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-description field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item\u0022\u003E\u003Ch3\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022responsive-table\u0022\u003E\n\u003Ctable style=\u0022font-size: 15px;\u0022\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022Zoonotic diseases icon\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022e6d26a9d-bf62-4406-ab64-9e42c211fa9b\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/inline-images\/IFRC_Zoonotic%20diseases%20illustration_3.png\u0022 class=\u0022align-center\u0022\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003EDisease tools:\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\n\t\t\t20. Plague\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\n\t\t\t21. Anthrax\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\n\t\t\t22. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\n\t\t\t23. Leptospirosis\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\n\t\t\t24. Middle East respiratory syndrome or MERS coronavirus\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\n\t\t\t25. Monkeypox\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\n\t\t\t26. Rift Valley fever\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\n\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EZoonoses are infectious diseases of animals or rodents that can be transmitted to humans, causing severe illness or death. The animals in question may be affected by the disease themselves, or may remain (or appear to be) healthy; in either case, they can transmit the disease to humans. Part 1.4.4. of the manual discusses the importance of One Health. The One Health approach emphasizes that infectious diseases depend on many factors: human, animal and environmental. Animals can be infected by many germs, some of which may affect humans. People who are exposed to animals every day, because they farm or hunt or have pets, are at greater risk.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EScientists estimate that more than six in every ten known infectious diseases in people, and three in four new or emerging infectious diseases in people, are spread by animals. The zoonotic diseases that can cause epidemics include anthrax, leptospirosis, monkeypox, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Rift Valley fever (RVF); but many more are known, and many new diseases have probably not yet been discovered.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow are these diseases transmitted?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\nZoonoses can be transmitted by touching the saliva, blood, urine, mucous, faeces, or other body fluids of an infected animal, as a result of petting or touching, or being bitten or scratched; or by touching areas where animals live and roam, or objects or surfaces that animals have contaminated with germs. Zoonoses may also be transmitted when people eat or drink unsafe animal products (such as unpasteurized milk, undercooked meat, or eggs), or raw fruits and vegetables that have been contaminated with faeces from an infected animal.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome zoonoses can be transmitted by insects. (See the section on diseases transmitted by mosquitoes.)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIllustration\u0026nbsp;6.\u0026nbsp;Insect vectors\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022mosquito\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022c4646861-e309-435e-a13a-dce000cac0b7\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/inline-images\/IFRC_mosquito%20illustration.png\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022flea\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00226d98d221-d05a-4603-8287-962644b9a84a\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/inline-images\/IFRC_flea%20illustration.png\u0022\u003E\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/em\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022fly\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u002244d69db8-bd1f-4034-85d4-dfb50ba92422\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/inline-images\/IFRC_fly%20illustration.png\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\u0022rat\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022file\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u002286e8c34b-4f4d-4f14-b02c-478a16c37680\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/inline-images\/IFRC_rat%20illustration.png\u0022\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETable\u0026nbsp;5.\u0026nbsp;Disease transmission by animals\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022responsive-table\u0022\u003E\n\u003Ctable\u003E\n\u003Cthead\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Cth\u003EDisease\u003C\/th\u003E\n\u003Cth\u003EAnimals\u003C\/th\u003E\n\u003Cth\u003ETransmission\u003C\/th\u003E\n\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/thead\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Cth\u003ERift Valley fever\u003C\/th\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003ESheep, cattle, other animals. Signs and symptoms in infected animals: abortion; juvenile deaths.\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003ETransmitted by mosquito bites, droplets in the air, the blood of sick animals, or the bodies of dead infected animals.\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Cth\u003EAvian influenza\u003C\/th\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003EWild and domestic poultry (birds). Signs and symptoms in infected animals: Death or neurological signs; there may be no signs of illness.\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003ETransmitted through droplets in the air, feathers, and potentially the eggs and meat of infected birds.\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Cth\u003EMonkeypox\u003C\/th\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003EMainly monkeys. Also rats, squirrels and prairie dogs. Signs and symptoms in infected animals: in most cases none. Skin sores, breathing problems in prairie dogs\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003ETransmitted by touching infected animals or their body fluids; the bites or scratches of an infected animal; the meat of an infected animal.\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Cth\u003EPlague\u003C\/th\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003EMainly rats. Also rabbits, squirrels and prairie dogs. Signs and symptoms in infected animals: none in the above cases. The disease may cause cats and occasionally dogs to fall sick.\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003ETransmitted by flea bites, droplets in the air, and the bodies of dead infected animals.\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Cth\u003ELeptospirosis\u003C\/th\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003ECattle, pigs, rodents (mainly rats). Signs and symptoms in infected animals: abortion, liver and kidney disease. No symptoms in rats.\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003ETransmitted by contact (with the eyes or mouth, through a cut, etc.) or ingestion of the urine of an infected animal.\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Cth\u003EMERS\u003C\/th\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003ECamels. Signs and symptoms in infected animals: none.\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003ETransmitted by close contact with an infected animal or person.\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Cth\u003EHantavirus pulmonary syndrome\u003C\/th\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003ERodents (mainly rats). Signs and symptoms in infected animals: none.\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003ETransmitted by droplets in the air of rodent urine or faeces; the bodies of dead infected rodents; bites or scratches.\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Cth\u003EAnthrax\u003C\/th\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003ESheep, cattle (cows) and other animals. Signs and symptoms in infected animals: sudden death in sheep and cattle; neck swelling and breathing difficulties in pigs, dogs and cats.\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003ETransmitted by spores in the air, and by contact with or eating infected animal products.\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\n\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat symptoms do they cause?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\nZoonotic infections can be mild and even without any obvious symptoms. (This is very common in the case of leptospirosis.) Sometimes the symptoms are severe and the disease life-threatening. Anthrax can cause different forms of symptom (cutaneous [affecting the skin], intestinal, and respiratory). Leptospirosis can cause severe damage to the kidneys or liver. HPS and MERS-CoV usually cause coughing and shortness of breath. Monkeypox appears with fever and rash. Rift Valley fever is associated with a fever, headache, and joint and muscle pains.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow do we prevent the spread of these diseases?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\nSome zoonoses can be prevented by vaccinating animals (for example, for anthrax). Many infections will be prevented by hand hygiene and use of personal protection equipment (PPE) when in contact with animals and pets. In general, people should avoid contact with sick animals, and in particular should not eat sick animals.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is important to cook animal products (meat, milk) thoroughly, to use only pasteurised milk when making dairy products, and to avoid eating unwashed vegetables and fruit.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow to deal with cases of these diseases?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\nVolunteers cannot treat patients who have a zoonosis disease, because they require specialized care from health professionals in a health centre. Volunteers can make a very useful contribution by identifying cases and referring them to health professionals.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow to detect an epidemic?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\nAn epidemic of zoonosis is suspected in several circumstances. Zoonosis is sometimes detected in animals first, for example in the case of Rift Valley fever. An unusual number of sick or dying young animals and abortions can indicate an outbreak. In other instances, it is sometimes detected when many people are sick with an unusual illness, or when many people fall sick who have been in contact with animals or their products.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022responsive-table\u0022\u003E\n\u003Ctable\u003E\n\u003Cthead\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Cth\u003EThe epidemic\u003C\/th\u003E\n\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/thead\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWho?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\n\t\t\tPeople who were in contact with animals or were in spaces contaminated by animal excreta; people who consumed infected milk, eggs, meat or dairy products.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFarm workers and hunters are commonly affected (fishermen uncommonly). It can also affect people who were not in direct contact with animals, but who inhaled their excreta or consumed animal products.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhere?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\n\t\t\tZoonoses are present worldwide, but not equally distributed. MERS-CoV is mainly present in the Middle East, HPS mainly in the Americas, RVF mainly in Africa and the Middle East, monkeypox mainly in Africa. Leptospirosis is a global problem wherever water is contaminated by animal excreta. Anthrax is commonly transmitted to people who handle or eat affected animals (which have generally died suddenly).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhen?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\n\t\t\tZoonosis epidemics can occur at any time, but they are more frequent during periods of intensive contact between humans and animals (for example, hunting and fishing seasons).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\n\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\n\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow to deal with an epidemic?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\nIf a zoonosis epidemic occurs, you should do several things:\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u0026nbsp;Familiarize yourself with the culture of the community, especially hunting, farming and food production practices.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EBuild trust with members of the community.\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EInvolve members of the community in efforts to control the epidemic.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ETake steps, in cooperation with the community, to detect sick people promptly and refer them swiftly to health facilities.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ETake steps, again in cooperation with the community, to detect sick animals.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EImprove hand and food hygiene.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ERestrict contact with animals. Use personal protection equipment (PPE).\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ul\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat can volunteers do?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\nWith this group of diseases, volunteers can contribute by promoting recommended health practices and by identifying cases and referring them to appropriate health facilities for proper care and treatment. You can:\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EMake house-to-house visits to assess living conditions and identify sick people who have been in contact with animals, animal products or animal excreta.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EReport sick animals.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ERefer sick individuals to health centres or hospitals.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EEnsure that people have access to safe food and water.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EGive psychosocial support to sick people and their families.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EAssist animal health authorities with vaccination and elimination of sick animals under the supervision of technical experts.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EMobilize members of the community and persuade them (using BCC) to adopt recommended health practices. In particular you should:\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ul\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EPersuade people to wash their hands after dealing with animals and use personal protection equipment (PPE) (e.g. gloves, masks, shoes).\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EExplain the symptoms of the animal-borne disease in question.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EEncourage people who are sick to go to a health facility.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EAdvise people how to prepare safe food.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ERecommend that people should limit their contact with animals and with animal excreta.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EStrongly discourage people from eating sick or dead animals.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EUnderline the importance of reporting sick animals.\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ol\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan style=\u0022color:#2980b9;\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EParticipate \u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan style=\u0022color:#2980b9;\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDiscuss in your group the possibility of a zoonotic disease epidemic in your community. Look at the disease tools for zoonotic infections and select the action and message tools for each disease. Discuss with your facilitator the similarities and differences between the tools for each disease in this category. \u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan style=\u0022color:#2980b9;\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDiscuss the important role of One Health in preventing epidemics.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/article\u003E\n","settings":null}]